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C++ 多线程封装，以及一些并发处理机制的资料
持续更新ing


参考链接

[1] CSDB: C++多线程之旅-atomic原子类型
[2] 菜鸟教程：C++ 多线程
[3] cplusplus.com - atomic
[4] C..." />
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              <h1 class="title ularge white bold">C++ 多线程</h1>
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<li>C++ 多线程封装，以及一些并发处理机制的资料</li>
<li>持续更新ing</li>
</ul>
<!-- more -->
<h2 id="参考链接">参考链接</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/deng821776892/article/details/106984687/">[1] CSDB: C++多线程之旅-atomic原子类型</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.runoob.com/cplusplus/cpp-multithreading.html">[2] 菜鸟教程：C++ 多线程</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/atomic/">[3] cplusplus.com - atomic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://shouce.jb51.net/cpp_concurrency_in_action/content/chapter5/5.2-chinese.html">[4] C++ 并发编程</a></li>
<li><a href="https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/24983412">[5] 知乎：C++11原子操作与无锁编程</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.jianshu.com/p/8c1bb012d5f8">[6] 简书：c++11 多线程（3）atomic 总结</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/haippy/p/3301408.html">[7] 博客园：C++11 并发指南六( <atomic> 类型详解二 std::atomic )</a></li>
<li><a href="https://support.huaweicloud.com/prtg-kunpengdbs/kunpengdbsolution_12_0002.html">[8] 华为云：常见原子操作（C语言）</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="atomic">atomic</h3>
<ul>
<li>所谓原子操作，就是多线程程序中“最小的且不可并行化的”操作。对于在多个线程间共享的一个资源而言，这意味着同一时刻，多个线程中有且仅有一个线程在对这个资源进行操作，即互斥访问。</li>
<li>std::atomic 为C++11封装的原子数据类型。原子数据类型不会发生数据竞争，能直接用在多线程中而不必我们用户对其进行添加互斥资源锁的类型。从实现上，大家可以理解为这些原子类型内部自己加了锁。</li>
<li>原子类型在头文件 <atomic> 中，使用atomic有两套命名模式：一种是使用替代名称，一种是使用atomic的特化。
<ul>
<li>atomic_bool &lt;=&gt; atomic &lt; bool &gt;</li>
<li>atomic_char &lt;=&gt; atomic&lt; char &gt;</li>
<li>atomic_int  &lt;=&gt; atomic&lt; int &gt;</li>
<li>...<br>
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/zjs1224522500/PicGoImages/master//img/blog/20210513164522.png" alt="20210513164522" loading="lazy"></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>并非所有的类型都能提供原子操作，这是因为原子操作的可行性取决于 CPU 的架构以及所实例化的类型结构是否满足该架构对内存对齐条件的要求，因而我们总是可以通过 std::atomic<T>::is_lock_free来检查该原子类型是否需支持原子操作。这个函数让用户可以查询某原子类型的操作是直接用的原子指令(x.is_lock_free()返回true)， 还是编译器和库内部用了一个锁(x.is_lock_free()返回false)。</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-C++">template &lt; class T &gt; struct atomic {
    bool is_lock_free() const volatile;
    bool is_lock_free() const;
    void store(T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
    void store(T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
    T load(memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const volatile;
    T load(memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const;
    operator  T() const volatile;
    operator  T() const;
    T exchange(T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
    T exchange(T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
    bool compare_exchange_weak(T &amp;, T, memory_order, memory_order) volatile;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(T &amp;, T, memory_order, memory_order);
    bool compare_exchange_strong(T &amp;, T, memory_order, memory_order) volatile;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(T &amp;, T, memory_order, memory_order);
    bool compare_exchange_weak(T &amp;, T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(T &amp;, T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
    bool compare_exchange_strong(T &amp;, T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(T &amp;, T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
    atomic() = default;
    constexpr atomic(T);
    atomic(const atomic &amp;) = delete;
    atomic &amp; operator=(const atomic &amp;) = delete;
    atomic &amp; operator=(const atomic &amp;) volatile = delete;
    T operator=(T) volatile;
    T operator=(T);
};
</code></pre>
<h4 id="主要操作">主要操作</h4>
<h5 id="load">load()</h5>
<ul>
<li>加载原子对象中存入的值，等价于直接使用原子变量。</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-C++">T load (memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) const volatile noexcept;
T load (memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li>读取被封装的值，参数 sync 设置内存序(Memory Order)，可能的取值如下：
<ul>
<li>memory_order_relaxed</li>
<li>memory_order_consume</li>
<li>memory_order_acquire</li>
<li>memory_order_seq_cst</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="store">store()</h5>
<ul>
<li>存储一个值到原子对象，等价于使用等号。</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-C++">void store (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
void store (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li>修改被封装的值，std::atomic::store 函数将类型为 T 的参数 val 复制给原子对象所封装的值。T 是 std::atomic 类模板参数。另外参数 sync 指定内存序(Memory Order)，可能的取值:
<ul>
<li>memory_order_relaxed</li>
<li>memory_order_release</li>
<li>memory_order_seq_cst</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="exchange-原子操作">exchange() 原子操作</h5>
<ul>
<li>返回原来里面存储的值，然后在存储一个新的值，相当于将上面两个 load() 和 store() 合成起来的参数。</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-C++">T exchange (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
T exchange (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li>读取并修改被封装的值，exchange 会将 val 指定的值替换掉之前该原子对象封装的值，并返回之前该原子对象封装的值，整个过程是原子的(因此exchange 操作也称为 read-modify-write 操作)。sync参数指定内存序(Memory Order)，可能的取值如下：
<ul>
<li>memory_order_relaxed</li>
<li>memory_order_consume</li>
<li>memory_order_acquire</li>
<li>memory_order_release</li>
<li>memory_order_acq_rel</li>
<li>memory_order_seq_cst</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="compare_exchange_weak">compare_exchange_weak()</h5>
<ul>
<li>交换-比较操作是比较原子变量值和所提供的期望值，如果二者相等，则存储提供的期望值，如果不等则将期望值更新为原子变量的实际值，更新成功则返回true反之则返回false。</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-C++">atomic&lt;bool&gt; b;
b.compare_exchange_weak(expected, new_value);
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li>当存储的值和expected相等时则将则更新为new_value，如果不等时则不变。其中expected必须是类型变量，而不能是常量。</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="compare_exchange_strong">compare_exchange_strong()</h5>
<ul>
<li>不像compare_exchange_weak，此版本必须始终true在预期确实与所包含的对象相等时返回，不允许出现虚假故障。但是，在某些计算机上，对于某些在循环中进行检查的算法，compare_exchange_weak 可能会明显改善性能。</li>
<li>其余使用方法和compare_exchange_weak完全一致。</li>
<li>这两个版本的区别是：Weak版本如果数据符合条件被修改，其也可能返回false，就好像不符合修改状态一致；而Strong版本不会有这个问题，但在某些平台上Strong版本比Weak版本慢 [注:在x86平台我没发现他们之间有任何性能差距]；绝大多数情况下，我们应该优先选择使用Strong版本；</li>
</ul>

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